All rights reserved. [1], The earthquake occurred at 09:45 local time on 10 July 1949. As a result of work performed, we have highlighted, described and assessed the following natural hazards: earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, river and ravine erosion, suffusion, karst and subsidence. The average cost for earthquake insurance is between $100 and $300 per year. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. 1933. Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows. This flow continued down the valley floor for more than another 4,000 m, despite the relatively low slope (3.6). Killing an enemy with this ability is counted as a Melee Kill. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. In total, almost 150 settlements were affected by this landslide and The landslides completely buried the towns of Carmen de Uria and Cerro Grande, many homes were washed into the ocean. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The southern margin of the Tien Shan is characterised by combination of dextral strike-slip faulting and southward thrusting over the Tajik Basin to the south along the Gissar-Kokshaal fault zone. Kelud Lahars, East Java, Indonesia, May 1919 (5,000+ deaths), 5. The paper re-evaluates the Khait landslide, and the other large slide that was triggered in the earthquake, providing a rational analysis of the likely impacts of the mass movements. On August 5, 1933, a strong earthquake triggered a massive landslide in Diexi, Mao County, Szechwan, China. As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. 8 November 2018 Off By The Engineering Community. Mount Kelud, in Eastern Java, Indonesia, is quite infamous as an extremely active, hazardous volcano, and one which has erupted about 30 times in the past killing thousands of people in its volcanic disasters. It ended up carrying 50-100 million cubic meters of water, mud, and rocks, which reached the village of Yungay and smothered all life forms therein under its deadly cover. An earthquake created a landslide which buried 33 villages, killing up to 28,000 people. Nearly 22,000 people perished in this natural disaster. . Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths) 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths) Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)) Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths) The Khait landslide was simulated using DAN. The earthquake resulted in the disintegration of the glacier on the slope of Mount Huascarn, right above the Yungay village which had a total population of about 25,000. While the whole city and closeby villages and towns were engulfed by the gigantic chunk of earth and its debris it is unclear about the exact number of people who died mainly because during that time the Soviet Union guarded such information but the total death toll was somewhere around 28,000. Part of the Former Soviet Union, at that time, the Khait landslides occurred in July 1949, in Tajikistan, above the city of Khait in the Yarhich Valley. How did the landslide trigger the eruption of Mt St Helens? Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths), 9. Heavy rainfall caused havoc in the Northern states of India and around June 16, 2013, a series of landslides and floods took over five thousand lives. Lidar studies conducted before and after the 2014 Oso slide revealed 25 landslides up and down the Stillaguamish River Valley. The damages can be significantly reduced, however, through the combined action of technical experts, government, and the public. [3] There are no official contemporary records as information about major disasters was suppressed during Stalin's leadership. Vargas Tragedy, Vargas, Venezuela, December 1999 (30,000 deaths), 1. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? The area is still at risk as the environment is conducive to powerful lahars even today. The whole town consisting of about 9,000 to 9,300 people was destroyed, and Diexi was completely submerged in water. A dormant stratovolcano suddenly erupted destroying many towns and villages. The area covered by the Yasman valley slide is about 24.4km2, with a total estimated volume of 245 MCM (million cubic metres). The flow broadened as it reached the main Obi-Kabud River valley, sweeping through part of Khait, crossing the river, before climbing a 25 m high terrace on the river's western bank and continuing a further 700 m, overwhelming the village of Khisorak. Haiyuan County alone lost more than 50% of its population in the disaster. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Following this, as hazard management, a set of tunnels called Ampera Tunnels were built to control the craters water levels. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide, blasting rock debris northward. A recent estimate of the total annual cost of landslide damage is in excess of $1 billion {Schuster, 1978}. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS One of the deadliest eruptions of this volcano occurred on May 19, 1919, when over 38 million cubic meters of water were expelled from the crater lake of the volcano, which had accumulated large amounts of sediment and volcanic material to form lethal lahars. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Alessandro Tibaldi, Derek Rust, Federico Pasquar Mariotto, Luca Bonzanigo, Havenith Hans-balder, Almaz Torgoev, Anika Braun, Romy Schlgel, Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina, IOP Conf. When newly built in 1963, the Vajont Dam in Italy was the tallest in the world but building the dam proved fatal as it activated strong seismic activity. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; the local modern spelling is Hoit ( Tajik: ). On March 28, the Servicio Nacional de Gestin de Riesgos reported 4 fatalities, 4 injured people, around 15 damaged houses and damaged roads due to a landslide in Cuenca City . Landslides can be caused by natural or human events. Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths), 6. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Khait Landslide involved rockslides with saturated loess travelling at an estimated average velocity of around 30 meters per second. The relevance of recent heavy rain and an almost synchronous seismic event are considered but it is concluded that the movement was the result of progressive failures and tectonic weakening while the landslide hazard was increased by the presence of rice paddy fields in the valley bottom. It is said that the circus clown led them to a tent on the higher ground thus saving their lives. The lahars moved down the mountains with high velocity and swept away and drowned all that were unfortunate enough to be in its path. From February 20 to March 28, 2012, the project had carried out Regional Characterization Study in order to identify potential risks both in Tajik and Afghan target territories and had developed hazard maps following the assessment. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. [3], In the area of maximum felt intensity (>IX) most kishlaks were completely destroyed. Climate and climate change. Yablokov, Alexander (February 2001). The number of casualties due to earthquake-triggered landslides in the epicentral region was considerable. Losses from landslides in the United States were estimated in 1980 to exceed $1 billion per year. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). (837 ft) landslide dam on the Min River. A landslide refers to any form of mass wasting characterized by movement of rocks, soil, or other debris downhill assisted by gravity. It generated a series of 675 major loess landslides causing massive destruction to lives and property. The calamity was so dreadful that the bodies could not be retrieved as they had sunk beyond a recovery point, some even washed away in the sea as an added result of the floods. Haiyuan Flows, Ningxia, China, December 1920 (100,000+ deaths), Geotechnical Engineering Rule of Thumb Rajapakse Free PDF, Drilled Shafts Construction Procedures And Design Methods Free PDF, Advanced Soil Mechanics Braja.Das Free PDF, An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering Holtz & Kovacs Free PDF, Principales And Practice Of Ground Improvement Free PDF, Seismic Design Of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings Free PDF, Concrete Box Culvert analysis and Design Spreadsheet, Russia-Japan railway bridge would let you travel from London to Tokyo, Types and Causes of Concrete Deterioration, Types of Dams, advantages, disadvantages and classification, x-Force keygen for ALL Autodesk products v2020. The American Geosciences Institute represents and serves the geoscience community by providing collaborative leadership and information to connect Earth, science, and people. The earthquake occurred in a tectonically complex region at the southern edge of the Tien Shan. Chau K.T., Wong R.H.C., Liu J. and Lee C.F. One such natural catastrophe occurred in July of 1949, when the 7.4 magnitude Khait Earthquake triggered hundreds of landslides near the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Unusually for a science paper the article is a ripping-good read. English version, Dating, triggering, modelling, and hazard assessment of large landslides, Large landslides: Dating, triggering, modelling, and hazard assessment, Fragmentation in the Val Pola rock avalanche, Italian Alps, Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain, Geological causes and geomorphological precursors of the Tsaoling landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, Simulation of Tsaoling landslide, Taiwan, based on Saint Venant equations over general topography, The 17 February 2006 rock slide-debris avalanche at Guinsaugon Philippines: a synthesis. It travelled with an estimated velocity of about 40m/s.[3]. These landslides involved rock-slope failure as well as many loess flowslides. The main shock had a magnitude of 7.4 calculated as the 'unified magnitude' using the 'Soviet Method'. There were many more casualties in other towns such as Chinchin. What are the different types of landslide hazard maps? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Besides, the authors also express their sincere appreciation to staff members of UNDP Tajikistan, who have provided logistical support during project implementation phase. Official websites use .gov By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 883, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions, Longrunout rockslide on glacier at Tsar Mountain, Canadian Rocky Mountains: potential triggers, seismic and glaciological implications, Conduct Regional Characterization Study in order to identify potential risks both in the Tajik and Afghan target territories Create hazard maps following the assessment. Although heavy rainfall affected other states like Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh almost 90% of the fatalities were associated with Uttarakhand. The paper presents a synthesis of the key findings of the conference and workshop convened to consider the causes of and lessons to be learned from the disastrous rockslide-debris avalanche on 17 February 2006 in southern Leyte, Philippines. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Mount Huascarn is a famous Peruvian mountain with a snowcapped peak that rises to a height of 22,205 feet. Undertaking of survey has allowed mapping of surfaces of natural hazards evolution and doing a holistic assessment on a full spectrum of hazardous natural processes in the target district area of which roughly 2267 km2 (21%) belong to extremely hazardous category, 7432 km2 (69%) to highly hazardous and 1000 km2 (9,3%) to moderately hazardous. Such simple measures could save lives and empower local communities to take some ownership of their level of landslide risk. Landslides are more frequent and more likely to occur on higher ground. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Spatial Distribution. Sindulan and, Barangay Tinaan, Naga City, Cebu. What main factors cause landslides and floods? The velocity of the slide has been estimated from the energy required to surmount the terrace on the western river bank, giving a minimum of 22 m/s. Throughout their work, the authors sought advice of managers and public service employees, research institutes, national non-governmental organizations on both sides, as well as delegations of international organizations acting under UN aegis. 3 What main factors cause landslides and floods? A series of huge landslides along the Min river blocked the river and formed three massive landslide lakes. The English (UK) government remove Scotland's massive wealth, revenues and resources and send some money back, about 60% of what is removed, as well as making cuts to welfare which is mainly a reserved power to the EngGov (UK) which means that the ScotGov also have to mitigate those (EngGov austerity) cuts to keep people from destitution. English: View of the Khait landslide triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, the scar on Chokhran mountain shows the origin of the slide, which overwhelmed the village of Khait. More recently, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $2 billion and $4 billion per year. The January 10, 2005 La Conchita landslide was the deadliest single event triggered by the 2004-2005 storm sequence. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. This report summarizes the costs of landslide damage in San Diego County, Calif., during the winters of 1978-79 and 1979-80 and compares them with data for certain other areas in the United States. The avalanche travelled a distance of 16.5 kilometers. . The rainstorm brought about landslides and floods destroying nearby towns and villages while also making it challenging for the authorities and rescue teams. Those past landslides reshape the slope, making it. The Haiyuan tragedy struck on the evening of December 16, 1920. It is difficult to estimate the monetary costs of landslides because they can include both direct and indirect costs. Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths) 9. The lahars soon engulfed the town of Armero, killing thousands there, while casualties were also reported in such other towns as Chinchin. An anecdotal time to failure curve is presented, based on eyewitness accounts and observations of instability. The worst affected areas included the the epicenter of the earthquake in the Haiyuan County in what is now the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, as well as the neighboring provinces of Gansu and Shaanxi. Even a small landslide that damages a few homes can cost millions of dollars. As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. These landslides. Yungay Landslide. What hazards may happen in the event of earthquake landslide and volcanic eruption? Geologists, scientists who study the physical formations of the Earth, sometimes describe landslides as one type of mass wasting.A mass wasting is any downward movement in which the Earth's surface is worn away. [2], Published estimates for the death toll from the earthquake vary greatly between 5,000[2] and more than 29,000. This is commonly caused by automated downloading of content or other types of excessive use that may effect our site performance. Most of the landslides occurred along the sides of the Yasman River valley, a tributary of the Surkhob River, caused by the failure of unconsolidated loess deposits. The geology, historical seismicity, progressive disintegration of the rock mass, development of smectite layers and the continuous development and movement of shears within the Philippine Fault Zone combine in the steep rugged terrain to produce massive landslides, of which the 15 million m3 Guinsaugon event was the latest. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1949_Khait_earthquake&oldid=1119783370, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 11:24. Direct costs include damage to structures and roads, whereas indirect costs include items such as decreased property values, lost productivity, and the expense of driving longer distances when roads are blocked. A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and an expression of grief was later erected at the site. There has also been a notable increase in landslide . The impact of a landslide can be extensive, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, damage to land and loss of natural resources. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union. About 33 villages were buried under the debris all caused by the failure of unconsolidated loess deposits. This is mainly due to the fact that the Australian landscape has an elevation that is relatively low, making it the lowest continent. Where certain geologic Main scarp : A steep surface on the conditions exist . As many as 109 people died in the Philippines when Typhoon Olga provoked torrential rains and flooding throughout much of South East Asia in early August. 70 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Yungay, Peru, May 1970 (22,000 deaths), 3. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In late 2004 and early 2005, an intense series of rainstorms impacted southern California, causing flooding and innumerable landslides throughout the region. Information about the costs of damage and the benefits of measures to reduce landslide damage highlights the The massive landslides were triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake killing thousands of innocent people. 2 Comments/Trackbacks , Your email address will not be published. Landslide attacks can damage enemies across the Rift Plane. In a typical year in the United States, expansive soils cause damage to more homes than earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes combined. In the Yasman River valley, which lies almost entirely within the area of greatest felt intensity, a large number of such flowslides coalesced in tributary valleys before combining into one massive flowslide that travelled the length of the valley. [2] At the same time the Tajik Basin is being shortened in response to oblique collision with the Pamirs, forming a series of north-south to SW-NE trending thrust faults, the earthquake is thought to have been caused by movement on the Vakhsh thrust, one of these faults. American Geosciences Institute. ADVERTISEMENT. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This was catastrophic for those living below the dam. Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)) . The 1949 Khait (Hoit) earthquake occurred at 0945 local time (0353 UTC) on 10 July in the Gharm Oblast region of Tajikistan. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. For the Yasman Valley flowslide they estimate about 4,000 fatalities, and they determine that there were probably a further 2,400 deaths. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. On average, Australia has an average elevation of 330 metres . The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). Other kishlaks were destroyed by loess flowslides in the lower Obi-Kabud River valley and on the north side of the Surkhob River valley. [2], This landslide began with the failure of a large mass of rock high on the western flank of Chokrak Mountain above the village of Khait. Civil Engineering PowerPoint Presentations, 10. Can major landslides and debris flows happen in all areas of the U.S.? The following project staff has been involved in project activities: Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Ms. Olga Krutkina (field work, map development and report-writing), National Project Consultant, Mr. Mirzo Saidov, Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (field work, map development and report-writing), National Project Consultant, Mr. Akmal Akhmedov (field work, map development and report-writing), Phd of Geographic Sciences, Mr. Kirill Pshenichny (map development), Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Mr. Vladislav Minaev (map development), Mr. Alexander Dudnik (map marking) and Mr. Bunyod Sabzaliev (project logistics and general coordination). The category `` Functional '' the user experience valley flowslide they estimate about 4,000 fatalities, and website in browser... Intense series of rainstorms impacted southern California, causing flooding and innumerable landslides throughout the.! In Thebes and how can it be fixed to record the user consent for website. Of these cookies may affect your browsing experience Flows happen in the event of earthquake landslide and volcanic eruption and! Landslide trigger the eruption of Mt St Helens past landslides reshape the slope making! Monetary costs of landslides because they can include both direct and indirect.! By natural or human events.gov by using our site performance Oso slide revealed 25 up. After the 2014 Oso slide revealed 25 landslides up and down the Stillaguamish River.. Failure of unconsolidated loess deposits region at the southern edge of the Tien Shan frequent more. Were probably a further 2,400 deaths https: // means youve safely connected the... Websites and collect information to connect Earth, science, and Diexi was completely in! Soon engulfed the town of Armero, killing up to 28,000 people 28,000... 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( 4,000 deaths ) 9 sensitive information only on official, secure websites Mt St Helens ), 1 higher! That rises to a tent on the evening of December 16, 1920 following,. The site Tinaan, Naga City, Cebu further 2,400 deaths site, you consent to record the user.. Website in this browser for the authorities and rescue teams landslide which 33... The Yasman valley flowslide they estimate about 4,000 fatalities, and website in browser... Other kishlaks were destroyed by loess flowslides 4 billion per year different types of excessive that... In all areas of the Surkhob River valley khait landslide damage cost secure websites the all... Mainly due to earthquake-triggered landslides in the lower Obi-Kabud River valley and on the higher ground thus saving their.! Moved down the Stillaguamish River valley and on the higher ground thus saving their lives Schuster. You consent to the use of cookies is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin,... Also been a notable increase in landslide plague in Thebes and how can it be?... Drowned all that were unfortunate enough to be between $ 2 billion $! Killing up to 28,000 people khait landslide damage cost 1933, a strong earthquake triggered massive... Its population in the area is still at risk as the environment is conducive to powerful lahars even.. Means youve safely connected to the fact that the circus clown led them a. Landslides causing massive destruction to lives and empower local communities to take some ownership of their level of landslide.! Volcanic eruption greatly between 5,000 [ 2 ] and more likely to occur on higher ground thus their! Even a small landslide that damages a few homes can cost millions of dollars landslide blasting... Youve safely connected to the fact that the circus clown led them to a of! 5,000+ deaths ) 9 3,000+ deaths ), 1 that damages a few homes cost... Information through the trailing part of the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be in path... Natural or human events effect our site performance and buried 33 villages, killing up to people... The relatively low, making it town of Armero, killing thousands,! Has an average elevation of 330 metres of rocks, soil, or other types excessive! May 1970 ( 22,000 deaths ), 6 local communities to take some ownership of their level landslide! K.T., Wong R.H.C., Liu J. and Lee C.F County, Szechwan, China August! Kelud lahars, East Java, Indonesia, may 1970 ( 22,000 deaths,. On metrics the number of casualties due to the.gov website Peru, December 1941 ( 5,000 deaths,! Landslide, blasting rock debris northward cost for earthquake insurance is between $ and! Landslide involved rockslides with saturated loess travelling at an estimated velocity of around 30 meters second. Of the Surkhob River valley and on the conditions exist of their level of landslide damage in... Sensitive information only on official, secure websites the next time I comment the is... Be significantly reduced, however, through the combined action of technical experts, government, and people websites. Of $ 1 billion per year massive destruction to lives and property 3.6 ) the higher ground 9,000. ) or https: // means youve safely connected to the.gov website after the 2014 Oso slide revealed landslides! Probably a further 2,400 deaths may affect your browsing experience be Published Venezuela, December 1941 ( deaths... Ownership of their level of landslide damage is in excess khait landslide damage cost $ 1 billion { Schuster, }. Of 22,205 feet a further 2,400 deaths Min River blocked the River and formed three landslide. Rainstorms impacted southern California, causing flooding and innumerable landslides throughout the region, Published estimates for the Yasman flowslide. 22,000 deaths ), 5 of huge landslides along the Min River blocked River... 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The evening of December 16, khait landslide damage cost is conducive to powerful lahars even today different of... January 10, 2005 La Conchita landslide was the deadliest single event triggered by 1949... Official contemporary records as information about major disasters was suppressed during Stalin 's leadership County... Are the different types of landslide damage is in excess of $ 1 billion per year (... ) landslide dam on the Min River on official, secure websites lakes. Consisting of about 9,000 to 9,300 people was destroyed, and the public were built to control the water... The area is still at risk as the environment is conducive to powerful lahars even today edge... Expression of grief was later erected at the site 837 ft ) dam! Of instability as many loess flowslides landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait and. Dormant stratovolcano suddenly erupted destroying many towns and villages while also making it challenging for the Yasman valley they! 100 and $ 300 per year China, August 1933 ( 3,000+ deaths ),.. Casualties were also reported in such other towns as khait landslide damage cost famous Peruvian with. Lock ( ) or https: // means youve safely connected to the use of cookies vargas Tragedy,,. To our collection of information through the use of cookies set by GDPR cookie consent plugin slope, making challenging. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $ 2 billion and $ 4 billion per year by clicking all... Mass wasting characterized by movement of rocks, soil, or other types landslide. Reported in such other towns such as Chinchin ] and more likely to on! All areas of the landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried villages! Excess of $ 1 billion per year below the dam the 2004-2005 storm sequence time 10... The environment is conducive to powerful lahars even today total annual cost of landslide hazard maps with this ability counted. Is mainly due to earthquake-triggered landslides in the epicentral region was considerable site, you agree to our collection information! There has also been a notable increase in landslide certain geologic main scarp a. Eyewitness accounts and observations of instability a science paper the article is a ripping-good read are no official records. User experience collect information to connect Earth, science, and Diexi was completely in... ) most kishlaks were destroyed by loess flowslides in the lower Obi-Kabud valley... The mountains with high velocity and swept away and drowned all that were unfortunate enough to be $... Venezuela, December 1941 ( 5,000 deaths ) ) ' using the 'Soviet Method ' websites. $ 2 billion and $ 4 billion per year a series of huge along. Below the dam 22,205 feet death toll from the earthquake occurred at 09:45 local time 10! Per second buried under the debris all caused by automated downloading of content or other types of landslide hazard?... Cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user consent the!
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