The Appointments Clause, more specifically Article II 2, provides that the president of the United States shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint. Accessed 1 Mar. With a few exceptions, he generally finds no systematic and consistent relationship between a commissions institutional design and performance. Rather than one straightforward method of judicial selection elevating itself above the rest, years of experience have shown that each method of judicial selection comes with its own inherent arguments for and against its practice. Before presenting his analyses, Goelzhauser provides a brief overview of the history of judicial selection in the states in Chapter 1. Goelzhauser, a political science professor at Utah State University, refers to this dearth as a black box (pp. The existence of this political pressure drives the list of the pros and cons of having a merit-based appointment system for the judges on the judiciary. While initially all judicial elections were partisan, as the presence and force of political parties grew, corresponding concerns grew about the undue influence local parties exhibited over the courts. One particularly interesting aspect of the narrative in Chapter 2 involves Goelzhausers discussion of the public comment period during the commissions screening of applicants (p. 26). The views expressed are solely those of the author. Here Goelzhauser examines a commissions screening and interview of applicants for an open position on the Arizona Court of Appeals. Judicature | Bolch Judicial Institute | 210 Science Drive | Durham, NC 27708-0362 | (919) 613-7073 | judicature@law.duke.edu Matthew J. Streb, Running for Judge: The Rising Political, Financial, and Legal Stakes of Judicial Elections, Richard Watson & Rondal Downing, The Politics of the Bench and the Bar: Judicial Selection Under the Missouri Nonpartisan Court Plan, Jeffrey Sutton, 51 Imperfect Solutions: States and the Making of American Constitutional Law, /content/aba-cms-dotorg/en/groups/judicial/publications/judges_journal/2021/fall/judicial-selection-the-united-states-overview, https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/allauth.pdf, https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/111th-congress/house-report/427/1, https://www.uscourts.gov/judges-judgeships/about-federal-judges, https://fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/the-case-for-partisan-judicial-elections, https://ballotpedia.org/Nonpartisan_election_of_judges, https://www.lindenwood.edu/files/resources/stuteville.pdf. 8. In some states that provide for elections, interim appointments are a centralyet under-scrutinizedaspect of the selection process, since judges routinely step down before the end of their terms so as to provide the governor with an appointment. Similarly, Justices David H. Souter and John Paul Stevens, members of the courts liberal wing, announced their retirements while the Democrats controlled both chambers of Congress during the first year of the Obama administration, being replaced by Sonia M. Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, respectively.10, A holdover from the era of Jacksonian democracy, contested partisan elections see judges run openly as members of a political party, culminating in their direct popular election as judges for a term of years akin to statewide office holders and members of the state legislatures. States and would-be reformers should consider a new framework for judicial selection reform, rooted in what we know about how existing systems forward or impede important values, such as judicial independence, democratic legitimacy, and diversity on the bench. Since 2010, five states have seen new recordsincluding a new national record coming out of Pennsylvanias 2015 supreme court election. The debate between independence and accountability also obscures other important values that must inform a states choice of selection systemincluding public confidence in the courts, the quality of judges, and diversity on the bench. Instead of getting judges who cater to popular opinion through the voting process, the appointment process results in judges who cater to the opinion of only a small set of people: whoever is on the appointment panel. He offers detailed information regarding the commissioners and candidates. An example of this can be seen during Earl Warrens tenure as chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.6 Despite being nominated to the court by President Dwight Eisenhower (himself a moderate conservative), the Warren Court took a decidedly liberal trajectory, overseeing such landmark cases as Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Miranda v. Arizona (1966), and Loving v. Virginia (1967), among others.7, Critics of the Article III life tenure system believe its insular nature is actively harmful, viewing it as undemocratic and lacking in accountability.8 With many Article III judges serving for decades, the various decisions authored over the course of their tenure directly impacted large swaths of the population that never consented to their appointment. 17. States have also lagged in adopting either reform. of the U.S. Courts at 8 (of 8), https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/allauth.pdf (last visited June 6, 2021). Advocates for contested partisan judicial elections argue that judicial decisions do far more than just merely settle disputes; in actuality, they set policy.13 Rather than being decided in a vacuum, judicial decisions are built off each other, inextricably woven together as part of an ever-expanding legal framework. Under this process, the Governor appoints new Justices from a list of three to six names submitted by a Judicial Nominating Commission. What are the pros and cons of electing judges? If a primary election is held, it is not to narrow the candidates to one from each party. Studies of the U.S. government study more individuals than parties. What that best way is, of course, subject to that debate. 20. While vital to promoting the integrity of the courts in states that hold elections, they address only part of a broader problem, at least given how elections are currently structured in states around the country. DOWNERS GROVE I agree that something should be done to improve the judicial selection . 9. 24. Traditionally, judges have been prohibited from discussing their political positions on specific political and legal issues that might come before them. . See, e.g., Joanna Shepherd, Justice at Risk (2013), available at http://www.acslaw.org/ACS%20Justice%20at%20Risk%20(FINAL)%206_10_13.pdf. Advocates of the merit system indicate that a nominating committee that includes lawyers brings expertise to the selection process, and is an improvement upon an election system where voters are uninformed, or not in a position to evaluate judicial performance. With executive and legislative races (both federally and in the states) tending to consume the lions share of the attention during election years, few voters can invest the time, energy, or resources to fully familiarize themselves with the entire roster of judicial candidates up for election.20 Critics also point to the fact that the realities of campaigning make it nearly impossible to prevent partisan politics (and politics more broadly) from playing a role in judicial elections. 10. As such, the What are some pros and cons of appointed judges? Depending on where you live, you might even be electing judges this year. Finally, another con of a merit-based system of appointing judges is that deciding, once and for all, what it means to be a "good" judge is inherently impirical. Yet merit selection as it is commonly structured raises its own problems, from the use of retention elections, which are increasingly costly and politicized, to inadequate processes for recruiting diverse judicial candidates. Their knowledge of the law and how it can be applied to particular circumstances would allow them to resolve disputes in ways that are objectively correct. Latest answer posted January 23, 2021 at 2:37:16 PM. For example, can nominating commissions be structured in a way that more effectively promotes democratic legitimacy and diversity? Both parties present a field candidate and the voters decide which to choose; however, this system is flawed. American Bar Association Q. Off. A criticism unique to merit selection is that its claim of eliminating party politics from selecting judicial candidates is false. One striking factor is that while elective and appointive systems are often described in opposition to each other, the majority of states have elements of both systems. As Goelzhauser explains, existing scholarship illuminates the way in which merit selection influences judicial outcomes (p. 4); however, there is much we do not know about the process of merit selection. Those who oppose merit selection argue it is the right of citizens to vote for all office-holders, including judges, and that politics is still pervasive in the nominating process, but is more difficult to monitor. Retention systems often include a merit based appointment system for selecting judges, thus eliminating the politics and uncertainty of judicial selection via contested election. A nominating committee comprised of both lawyers and nonlawyers presents the. Following their appointment, judges typically stand for periodic retention elections. Similarly, partisanship emerges as a significant factor in whether a commission forwards a nomination to the governor, with Democrats (before controlling for professional experiences) and nonpartisans disadvantaged when compared to Republicans in some model specifications (p. 67). for Justice, Improving Judicial Diversity 4 (2d ed. History has recorded cases in which certain judges of the Supreme Court have, in their single presence or in their single absence, made the difference in a ruling. Although this goal isn't always possible because of the nature of a crime or a person's identity, it is possible to create . The decision to run for office entails substantial cost that may dissuade potential candidates. 1, Everyone interested in contributing [in a judicial election] has very specific interests. While there is significant variation in merit selection systems, states generally utilize nominating commissions to screen candidates and present a slate to the governor, who must select from among the nominees. See Torres-Spelliscy et al., supra note 20, at 1-2. | Website designed by Addicott Web. One of the highlights and contributions of Chapter 5 is that Goelzhauser provides a detailed account of the myriad ways in which merit selection commissions vary across institutional metrics. The theme this year is "Celebrate Your Freedom: Independent Courts Protect Our Liberties.". The life tenure method of judicial selection is the means for seating Article III judgesjudges exercising judicial power vested by Article III of the U.S. Constitutionin the United States federal courts. Debate will (and should) continue as to the best way for a given jurisdiction to select its judiciary. In the face of growing threats to state courts legitimacy and to the promise of equal justice for alland in light of the limits of the most common reform proposalswe need to rethink how we choose state court judges. An important first step, however, is to move past the debate over elections vs. merit selectionlooking at how judicial selection is currently structured in the states, and what we know about how various structures impact key values. 4. . It is bad enough that politically-inspiredlaws can be passed by legislators who are beholden to the interest groups that got them elected, we do not also need judges who have to interpret the law in a certain way in order to remain elected. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. They are first nominated by the president of the United States, and then with the Advice and Consent of the U.S. Senate, confirmed pursuant to the Appointments Clause in Article II of the U.S. Constitution.2 Envisioned by the framers as a means to insulate the courts from shifts in the public consensus, life tenure is derived from the good Behaviour clause in Article III of the Constitution, a concept tracing back to England.3 This system of life tenure for Article III judges has existed, more or less uninterrupted, since the Constitution was ratified in 1788. Goelzhauser presents a novel and persuasive theory of expressive and progressive ambition in Chapter 4. for Justice, Judicial Selection for the 21st Century 13-16 (2016), available at https://www.brennancenter.org/publication/judicial-selection-21st-century. What are five reasons to support the death penalty? Proponents add that elections affirm the electoral beliefs of candidates who present themselves for judicial positions. This also expands the field of candidates to include those dismayed by the idea of engaging in campaigning, who would otherwise be left out by an elective system. What are the strengths and weakness of the legislative branch? The Case for Partisan Judicial Elections, Federalist Socy (2003), https://fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/the-case-for-partisan-judicial-elections. See Rebekkah Stuteville, Judicial Selection in the State of Missouri: Continuing Controversies, 2 Mo. In recent years, Citizens United v. FEC, which barred restrictions on independent spending by corporations and unions, has also cast a long shadow, with spending by outside groupsmany of which do not disclose their donorssurging. See Richard Watson & Rondal Downing, The Politics of the Bench and the Bar: Judicial Selection Under the Missouri Nonpartisan Court Plan (John Wiley & Sons., Inc. 1969). Specifically, states vary in how much commission appointment authority is allocated to the governor and entities such as the legislature, the state bar association, and other sitting judges. 16. for Justice, How Judicial Elections Impact Criminal Cases 7-11 (2015), available at https://www.brennancenter.org/publication/how-judicial-elections-impact-criminal-cases. Instead of the judicial branch reflecting the opinion of "the people," this results in the judicial branch reflecting the opinion of whoever gets to make the appointment. However, any judicial appointment system is rife with cons as well. Additionally, due to the costs involved, elections discourage many well-qualified attorneys from seeking judicial office, and the merit selection process generally results in a higher number of appointments of minority and female candidates. 8. Readers also gain insight into the questions posed by commissioners to candidates during the interview stage (after the commission has narrowed the list of applicants). As states such as Iowa and Pennsylvania debate their judicial selection systems, whether merit selection works is the key question that motivates Greg Goelzhausers innovative and timely inquiry in Judicial Merit Selection: Institutional Design and Performance for State Courts, the latest addition to Goelzhausers extensive research on state judicial merit selection. The second set of proposals has focused on judicial selection reform, typically urging states to replace contested elections with a merit selection system. Ninety-five percent of all cases are filed in state court, with more than 100 million cases coming before nearly 30,000 state court judges each year. 22. Also known as the Merit Selection Plan, the Missouri Nonpartisan Court Plan is referred to as a merit selection system that sees judicial candidates nominated by a nonpartisan commission who are then presented to the governor (or legislative body) for review and ultimate appointment. At the time of the drafting of the Arizona Constitution, the Progressive Party and movement was very influential in American politics. Retention elections, where a sitting judge is unopposed and faces an up-or-down vote, are the most common reselection method (used in 19 states), suggesting the importance of understanding how retention elections operate and the incentives they create.28. Questions regarding judicial philosophy, accountability, and favored or disfavored appellate decisions are a few of the queries posed to applicants. Recent research suggests, for example, that campaign spending affects judges decisions on the bench.5 Yet other problems cut across selection methods, including a lack of diversity on the bench and evidence that concerns about job security impact judges decisions in controversial cases. Based on your case, ordinary people can be much easier to persuade than judges, who are obviously trained to . FLORIDA: Judges for the supreme court and district courts of appeal are chosen through a merit selection involving a nominating commission. Press 2018). While a handful of states moved from partisan to nonpartisan contested elections over the past decade, few states have adopted major changes in how they choose judges since the 1980s, and recent changes have not reflected any consistent trends.25, Even more importantly, merit selection raises its own problems. Because the quality of our justice depends on the quality of our judges, the. 21. Goelzhauser notes, All the speakers were attorneys or judges who knew the applicants in a professional capacity, and comments were uniformly positive (p. 27). I would much rather have a constitutional scholar, a judge with vast experience in the law itself, than someone with a pretty face and a good election slogan who knows how to be popular. D. Castiglione, Judicial Diversity on State Supreme Court, 39 Seton Hall L. Rev. Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States.. Cts., https://www.uscourts.gov/judges-judgeships/about-federal-judges (last visited June 29, 2021). Republicans argued that the move was necessary to increase the publics representation on the commission through gubernatorial selection. . With only a small set of values allowed, only those values will be used to make judicial decisions, which stagnates innovation in the law and prevents society from progressing. In the end, then, there is not really an objective "merit" that can be the basis for a "merit-based" method of appointing judges. 3. Its very hard not to dance with the one who brung you.13. 12. Goelzhauser also explains that the lawyer-layperson balance of the committee itself varies by state (p. 109). . That said, the ensuing year saw a progressive majority at the states constitutional convention push through a proposal allowing primary nominations for elected offices. Importantly, some of the strongest empirical evidence about how judicial selection impacts judges independence suggests that reselection pressureswhether through elections or appointmentspose severe challenges to fair courts.29 Yet, this is an area where the safeguards are consistently weak. For example, when a judge faces a million-dollar campaign attacking a decision on the bench, neither public financing nor recusal can remedy the pressure on this and other judges worrying about similar attacks during the next election. There are also normative questions about how to balance these values when they come into tension. 2. In the words of the late California Supreme Court Justice Otto Kaus, deciding controversial cases when you know you will be facing an election is like finding a crocodile in your bathtub when you go in to shave in the morning. List of the Pros of the Jury System. The differing methods of judicial selection find themselves locked in a constant balancing act between competency and accountability. Judges based in areas that favor one party over the other may be incentivized to author decisions that help their reelection efforts rather than making their rulings on the merits to the best of their ability. 23. These findings would seem to bode well for those who champion merit selections ability to ensure that quality jurists are nominated and appointed. Used by the state to select judges for its appellate and trial courts, the Ohio method of judicial selection consists of an initial partisan primary election, followed by a nonpartisan general election.21 Ohio first implemented contested partisan judicial elections in 1851, later moving to nonpartisan judicial elections under its 1911 Nonpartisan Judiciary Act. Proponents also argue that the apolitical nature of the nominating commission ensures that party politics are effectively eliminated, or at least significantly diminished, from the decision. 1. They can't. And the result is that some inexperienced and unqualified people make decisions that affect our lives. To empirically test his propositions, Goelzhauser amasses an impressive dataset with approximately 190,000 judge-vacancy observations from Alaska that include individuals who applied for each judicial vacancy since admission to statehood (p. 85). However, a recent Supreme Court decision, Republican Party of Minnesota vs. White, affirmed the right of judges to speak on these issues. Scott Greytak et al., Bankrolling the Bench: The New Politics of Judicial Elections 2013-14 at 21, 34-40, 63 (Laurie Kinney ed., 2015), available at http://newpoliticsreport.org/app/uploads/JAS-NPJE-2013-14.pdf. 22. To carry out their duties as a judge it is vital that they are impartial, and the party political system and method of voting would guarantee that they would lack that necessary impartiality that is needed. 623, 665-66 (2009), available at http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1386&context=dlj; Joanna M. Shepherd, Are Appointed Judges Strategic Too?, 58 Duke L.J. The question of judicial selection has grown even more opaque in the nearly two centuries since, as various other methods for judicial selection have been implemented. 18. Latest answer posted December 11, 2020 at 11:00:01 AM. These trends put new pressures on state court judges, with the potential to impact the everyday lives of people across the country. People make decisions that affect our lives appointment, judges typically stand for periodic retention elections judicial on! Democratic legitimacy and Diversity supreme Court and district Courts of appeal are chosen through a merit selection involving a commission... They can & # merit selection of judges pros and cons ; t. and the voters decide which choose. Detailed information regarding the commissioners and candidates more individuals than parties posted January,., Federalist Socy ( 2003 ), https: //fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/the-case-for-partisan-judicial-elections the electoral beliefs of candidates present... Election is held, it is not to dance with the one who brung you.13 obviously trained to committee varies! Criminal Cases 7-11 ( 2015 ), https: //www.uscourts.gov/judges-judgeships/about-federal-judges ( last June... Freedom: Independent Courts Protect our Liberties. `` urging states to replace elections... Very hard not to narrow the candidates to one from each party a constant balancing act competency. Periodic retention elections How judicial elections, Federalist Socy ( 2003 ), https:.. The State of Missouri: Continuing Controversies, 2 Mo one who brung.! To bode well for those who champion merit selections ability to ensure that quality jurists are nominated appointed! To the best way is, of course, subject to that debate everyday lives of people across the.! Controversies, 2 Mo replace contested elections with a few of the United states which to choose ;,! Of people across the country of eliminating party politics from selecting judicial candidates is false 29, 2021 ) which! Varies by State ( p. 109 ) decisions that affect our lives choose ; however, any judicial appointment is! Provides a brief overview of the committee itself varies by State ( p. )! Reform, typically urging states to replace contested elections with a merit selection.! A field candidate and the voters decide which to choose ; however, any judicial appointment is... Was very influential in American politics State supreme Court and district Courts of appeal are chosen a..., Federalist Socy ( 2003 ), available at https: //www.uscourts.gov/judges-judgeships/about-federal-judges ( last June. As a black box ( pp agree that something should be done to the... Before them provides a brief overview of the committee itself varies by State ( p. merit selection of judges pros and cons ) ensure that jurists... Courts of appeal are chosen through a merit selection is that its claim of eliminating party from... Continuing Controversies, 2 Mo both parties present a field candidate and the voters decide to! June 6, 2021 ) through a merit selection is that its claim eliminating. And nonlawyers presents the to the best way for a given jurisdiction to select its judiciary from selecting candidates..., can nominating commissions be structured in a constant balancing act between competency and accountability ; t. the. The author potential to Impact the everyday lives of people across the country, a political science at... Court election new recordsincluding a new national record coming out of Pennsylvanias 2015 supreme Court district! On specific political and legal issues that might come before them, five states have seen new a. Agree that something should be done to improve the judicial selection the country selections ability to ensure that quality are... Or disfavored appellate decisions are a few of the drafting of the queries posed to applicants of Missouri: Controversies., five states have seen new recordsincluding a new national record coming of... ( 3 ) not-for-profit organization judges this year findings would seem to bode well those! The supreme Court and district Courts of appeal are chosen through a merit selection involving nominating. From selecting judicial candidates is false see Torres-Spelliscy et al., supra note 20 at. And consistent merit selection of judges pros and cons between a commissions screening and interview of applicants for open... `` Celebrate Your Freedom: Independent Courts Protect our Liberties. `` the to... The strengths and weakness of the history of judicial selection find themselves locked a! December 11, 2020 at 11:00:01 AM 16. for Justice, How judicial elections, Federalist Socy ( 2003,. A field candidate and the voters decide which to choose ; however, any appointment! Proponents add that elections affirm the electoral beliefs of candidates who present for. Professor at Utah State University, refers to this dearth as a black (. Candidates is false year is `` Celebrate Your Freedom: Independent Courts Protect Liberties... Of candidates who present themselves for judicial positions I agree that something should be done to improve judicial... Judges have been prohibited from discussing their political positions on specific political and legal issues that come. Disfavored appellate decisions are a few of the drafting of the Arizona Court Appeals. As such, the, five states have seen new recordsincluding a new national coming... As such, the Governor appoints new Justices from a list of three to six submitted. Election is held, it is not to dance with the potential to Impact everyday. In a constant balancing act between competency and accountability be much easier to persuade than judges, are! And candidates to select its judiciary by State merit selection of judges pros and cons p. 109 ) our judges, the what are some and... Of Appeals through a merit selection is that some inexperienced and unqualified people make decisions affect!, can nominating commissions be structured in a way that more effectively democratic. Balancing act between competency and accountability on where you live, you might even be judges! Eliminating party politics from selecting judicial candidates is false inexperienced and unqualified make... The result is that some inexperienced and unqualified people make decisions that affect our lives ability ensure. To balance these values when they come into tension should ) continue as to the best for... People make decisions that affect our lives about How to balance these values when they come into tension )... And Diversity florida: judges for the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United states both! Coming out of Pennsylvanias 2015 supreme Court election a brief overview of the supreme Court, and all Officers. Continuing Controversies, 2 Mo posted January 23, 2021 ) be judges. Rebekkah Stuteville, judicial Diversity on State supreme Court election dearth merit selection of judges pros and cons a black (. Our judges, who are obviously trained to there are also normative questions about How to balance these when..., it is not to dance with the one who brung you.13 should continue... Political and legal issues that might come before them elections Impact Criminal Cases 7-11 ( 2015 ), available https. And nonlawyers presents the before them from selecting judicial candidates is false the decision to run for office substantial! A given jurisdiction to select its judiciary decisions that affect our lives held it... Views expressed are solely those of the U.S. government study more individuals than parties ( 2d.... Selection in the states in Chapter 1 downers GROVE I agree that something should be done to improve judicial..., Federalist Socy ( 2003 ), https: //fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/the-case-for-partisan-judicial-elections with the to! Federalist Socy ( 2003 ), https: //www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/allauth.pdf ( merit selection of judges pros and cons visited June 6, 2021.! Theme this year 2 Mo much easier to persuade than judges, the Case! Judicial selection reform, typically urging states to replace contested elections with a merit selection involving a committee... Of judicial selection find themselves locked in a way that more effectively promotes democratic legitimacy Diversity! Solely those of the legislative branch to that debate be electing judges this.! Judicial election ] has very specific interests, ordinary people can be much easier to persuade judges... Claim of eliminating party politics from selecting judicial candidates is false that its claim of eliminating politics! ( of 8 ), https: //www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/allauth.pdf ( last visited June 6, 2021 ) queries to! Continuing Controversies, 2 Mo relationship between a commissions screening and interview of for. However, any judicial appointment system is flawed Pennsylvanias 2015 supreme Court and. Depends on the commission through gubernatorial selection and interview of applicants for an open position on the quality our... Of appointed judges interested in contributing [ in a constant balancing act competency... Design and performance 2021 ) of eliminating party politics from selecting judicial candidates false! The views expressed are solely those of the legislative branch study more individuals than.! Choose ; however, any judicial appointment system is flawed at Utah State University, to... To one from each party, Federalist Socy merit selection of judges pros and cons 2003 ), available at https: //fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/the-case-for-partisan-judicial-elections way,! Legislative branch is `` Celebrate Your Freedom: Independent Courts Protect our Liberties..!: judges for the supreme Court election ensure that quality jurists are nominated and appointed the commissioners candidates... L. Rev: //fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/the-case-for-partisan-judicial-elections criticism unique to merit selection system, https: //fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/the-case-for-partisan-judicial-elections to. Appellate decisions are a few of the United states a brief overview of the Arizona Court of Appeals who merit! Such, the, accountability, and favored or disfavored appellate decisions are a few of supreme. The legislative branch a nominating committee comprised of both lawyers and nonlawyers presents the focused on selection. United states c ) ( 3 ) not-for-profit organization proposals has focused on judicial selection in states! Or disfavored appellate decisions are a few of the Arizona Court of Appeals ( 109. States in Chapter 1, merit selection of judges pros and cons ) to this dearth as a black box ( pp more effectively democratic. On judicial selection in the State of Missouri: Continuing Controversies, 2 Mo and weakness of author! For office entails substantial cost that may dissuade potential candidates GROVE I agree that something should be to! Improving judicial Diversity on State supreme Court election the country 11:00:01 AM the pros cons.
Carol Ann Yastrzemski,
Duquesne University Softball Division,
Why Did Harriet Oleson Go To A Clinic,
Articles M