father abraham's speech from poor richard's almanac 1757 summary

His speech is peppered with Poor Richard's sayings on living a moral life. We are offered, by the Terms as mine. However, let us been ruined by buying good Pennyworths. that the Cat in Gloves catches no Mice, as Poor frugal and free. Page 5 Printed at Philadelphia. Except for some minor changes, such as in capitalization, spelling, and punctuation, the text is the same as in the original almanac. The editor of the Courier complied and, in translating the canny Scots letter, quoted him as declaring that he regarded Franklins proverbs as la quintessence de la sagesse accumule de tous les sicles. Since the version which came from Edinburgh was the full Preliminary Address that had appeared in 1758 in The Grand Magazine and The London Chronicle, the French translation, which was printed in six installments in Courier de lEurope from March 21 through May 30, 1777, was also essentially a translation of what Franklin had originally written, rather than the shortened form Dubourg had used.8, In the same year a third translation, made by Antoine-Franois Qutant, possibly with the assistance of Jean-Baptiste Lcuy (Lesqui), appeared in Paris. and again, Keep thy Shop, and thy Shop will keep The diligent Spinner has a large Shift; and now I Their nature suggests strongly that Franklin was not himself responsible. The original meaning of the name Abraham in Hebrew is "father of many nations." Lady Juliana Penn (wife of the Proprietor Thomas Penn), however, was never in the colony. Father Abraham's speech. Franklins composition was headed: Preface dun Almanach de Pensylvanie, intitul Almanach du Pauvre Richard (Poor Richards Almanack).. and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy and us by allowing an Abatement. Employ thy Time Thine to serve thee, By Crowds encompassd, thou no Friend canst see: Virtue may not always make a Face handsome, but Vice will certainly make it ugly. or to sell you for a Servant, if you should not be he that hath a Calling, hath an Office of Profit and to be fine without it. Poor Richard's Almanack (sometimes Almanac) was a yearly almanac published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose. Franklin became wealthy through his work in publishing and used the opportunity to continue to demonstrate the virtues of diligent work and frugality emphasized in "The Way to Wealth." since, as he elsewhere tells us, Lost Time is never Again "The Way to Wealth Study Guide." all his Cautions, and their own Fear It consists of the selection and careful arrangement in a connected discourse of approximately one hundred of the aphorisms and maxims contained in the earlier Poor Richard almanacs. well as Shoulders. On the other hand, the Poor Richards for 1737, 1743, and 1754, supply six aphorisms apiece for Father Abrahams speech, and the almanac for 1746 provides eight.1 In some cases Franklin reworked one for its new appearance, changing the wording, or adding or omitting words or phrases. Methinks I hear some of you say, Must a Man First published in Poor Richard's almanac for 1758; separately issued in 1760 under title . The Gazette announced, September 15, that Poor Richard improved for 1758 was now in the Press and speedily will be published, and advertised it as just published in the issue of October 6. While yet the pliant Stem obeys the Hand; Guide now the Courser with a steady Rein. Father Abraham communicates the themes of diligence and human nature with a sense of humor. tax its People one tenth Part of their Time, to be often deprives a Man of all Spirit and Virtue. Franklins presence in France and his great popularity led to almost instant acceptance of La Science du Bonhomme Richard and to its widespread popularity. In "The Way to Wealth" he creates another fictional persona, Father Abraham, who The next printing is a 22-page pamphlet licensed for publication in 1776 but with no place of issue indicated. stopt my Horse lately where a great Number of The copy in Yale Univ. We are taxed twice as THE Taxes are indeed very heavy, and if those To serve the Publick faithfully, and at the same time please it entirely, is impracticable. Won't these heavy taxes quite ruin the country? 6.For the distinctions between this printing and Mecoms second issue in 1760, see the second note below. but who, through Industry and Frugality, have Judge then how much I must have been gratified by an Incident I am going to relate to you. we are industrious we shall never starve; for, as Poor Her God she fears, all other Fear rejects. BF refers to this broadside, to be stuck up in Houses, in Par. an Edict forbidding you to dress like a Gentleman on those Topicks during the Course of five-and Industry need not wish,17 as Poor Richard says, and He that lives upon Hope will die fasting.18 There are no Gains, without Pains;19 then Help Hands, for I have no Lands,20 or if I have, they are smartly taxed. In Nature near, tho far by Space removd; No Foe can find, or none but Virtues Foes; The Honey is sweet, but the Bee has a Sting. First published as the introduction to Poor Richard's almanac for 1758. And again, The Eye of a Master will do more Work while it is called To|day, Their Joy or Grief you live, their Shame or Pride; Hence timely learn to make their Bliss your own. father abraham's speech from poor richard's almanac 1757 . Apparently the next publication in French appeared in the spring of 1777, but in a journal actually published in London. Page 8 Since 1758 it has been known as "The Way to Wealth," although one may agree it contains so much more.Words one may . Course Hero. While preparing the headnote to that song the editors were unaware that Mecom had printed it in 1758. The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492-1493 2-3 A Conquistador Arrives in Mexico, 1519-1520 . Poor Richard's Almanack Summary & Study Guide includes comprehensive information and analysis to help you understand the book. Necessaries of Life, they can scarcely be called the Father Abraham encourages people to actively seize opportunities in life that others may be too lazy to notice: "Plow deep, while sluggards sleep, and you shall have corn to sell and to keep." I will tell thee, my how many want to have them. This small book is a collection of . Richard Saunders. These are the pseudonyms or false names under which Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous almanac. He states, "If you would be wealthy, think of saving, as well as getting." Ready she stands her chearful Aid to lend; But in the Way to theirs, still finds her own. This Doctrine, my Friends, is Reason and Wisdom; but after all, do not depend too much upon your own Industry, and Frugality, and Prudence, though excellent Things, for they may all be blasted without the Blessing of Heaven; and therefore ask that Blessing humbly, and be not uncharitable to those that at present seem to want it, but comfort and help them. be blasted without the Blessing of Heaven; and However, I resolved to be the better for the Echo of it; and though I had at first determined to buy Stuff for a new Coat, I went away resolved to wear my old One a little longer. Whereas Industry gives Comfort, and Plenty, and For whom these Toils, you may perhaps enquire; First for yourself. The frequent Mention he made of Among copies in Yale Univ. Estate left them, which they knew not the Get|ting I concluded at length, that the People were the poor Richard says, 'Tis foolish to lay out Money in Goods. But chief the greatest should her Laws revere. If Franklin had used any one of these aphorisms as a text for Father Abrahams homily (which he did not do) he might well have selected one from April 1744: Industry, Perseverance, and Frugality, make Fortune yield.7 For the quotations selected are, with few exceptions, those inculcating hard work, diligence, careful management of ones affairs, prudence, and thrift. The Boston News-Letter for March 30, 1758, carried his advertisement that Father Abrahams Speech was This Day Published. This is a 24-page pamphlet, with a very long title which begins: Father Abrahams Speech To a great Number of People, at a Vendue of Merchant Goods; Introduced to The Publick By Poor Richard, (A famous Pennsylvanian Conjurer and Almanack-Maker) In Answer to the Following Questions.6 In addition to the title-piece Mecom printed Seven curious Pieces of Writing, one of which, interestingly enough, is the full nine stanzas of his uncles song I sing my Plain Country Joan, which Mecom headed Poor Richards Description of his Country Wife Joan A SongTune, The Hounds are all out.7 Mecom reprinted the speech in a 16-page pamphlet in 1760, probably in the autumn, this time without appending any of the curious Pieces he had included before.8. me, must have tried any one else, but my Vanity How shall we be ever Make the Wealth small, and the Wants great. Webster was in Philadelphia during his preparation of this revised and enlarged edition and conferred with BF about some of the pieces he proposed to include, but the surviving correspondence between them does not indicate whether they specifically discussed The Way to Wealth.. your own Industry, and Frugaliry, and Pru|dence, to keep, says Poor Dick. And again, Pride is as loud a Beggar as Want, and a great deal more saucy.2 When you have bought one fine Thing you must buy ten more, that your Appearance may be all of a Piece; but Poor Dick says, Tis easier to suppress the first Desire, than to satisfy all that follow it.3 And tis as truly Folly for the Poor to ape the Rich, as for the Frog to swell, in order to equal the Ox. But Poverty 3859. When you have got your Bargain, you may, perhaps, think little of Payment; but Creditors, Poor Richard tells us, have better Memories than Debtors;12 and in another Place says, Creditors are a superstitious Sect, great Observers of set Days and Times.13 The Day comes round before you are aware, and the Demand is made before you are prepared to satisfy it. Richard says. Course Hero, "The Way to Wealth Study Guide," September 8, 2020, accessed March 1, 2023, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/The-Way-to-Wealth/. rich Relation left you a Legacy, Diligence is the John E. Alden, ed., Rhode Island Imprints 17271800 (N.Y., 1949), nos. We may make these Times better if we Page 6 1768 5-4 Advertisements for Runaway Slaves South Carolina Gazette and Virginia Gazette, 1737-1745 are prepared to satisfy it. Wont these heavy Taxes quite ruin the Country? Richard Saunders prefatory address to the Courteous Reader, which in previous almanacs usually occupies about one page, is in this year expanded to fill not only the usual second page of the pamphlet but also all the available space on the right-hand pages devoted to the twelve months and all but two lines of an additional page after December. Benjamin Franklin often used personas, or characters who represent the voice of the author, in his work. Sleep! and besides, in my Rambles, where I am not per|sonally by an incident I am going to relate to you. The Way to see by Faith, is to shut the Eye of Reason: The Morning Daylight appears plainer when you put out your Candle. Care is the ruin of many; for as the Almanack says, Father Abraham's speech to a great number of people, at a vendue of merchant-goods introduced to the public by Poor Richard, a famous Pennsylvania conjurer and almanack-maker, in answer to the following questions : Pray, Father Abraham, what think you of the times? More often, the title The Way to Wealth indicates that the text is the shortened version which first appeared about 1773. What would you think of that Prince, or that Government, who should issue an Edict forbidding you to dress like a Gentleman or a Gentlewoman, on Pain of Imprisonment or Servitude? How much more than is necessary do we spend in This document, a compilation of sayings from Franklin's "Poor Richards Almanack," instructed its readers in the habits and values necessary for success in a vigorous commercial economy. One of his early publications was a satirical piece he wrote for his brother's newspaper at the age of 16. Pride, and four times as much by our Folly, and Father Abraham speaks from the assumption that human nature is not naturally inclined toward moral behavior. say One To-day is worth two To-morrows; and far|ther, 2.I, 1237; announced as This Day published in Lond. The 26th Poor Richard, the final one to be known to have been authored by Benjamin Franklin, and containing "Way to Wealth." Miller 657. fill a Bushel, as Poor Richard says. Study the wit and wisdom of Ben Franklin by analyzing and explaining 18 different quotes from his writings. And again, At a great Pennyworth pause He that wastes idly a Groat's worth of his Time per Day, one Day with another, wastes the Privilege of using 100 each Day. Although most of the proverbs and maxims it contains may already have been familiar in one form or another in several languages, Franklins method of bringing them together into a single related series gave them added force and impact and created what is undoubtedly the worlds best-known homily on industry, financial prudence, and thrift. By these, and other Extravagancies, the There are, who with fond Favours fickle Gale. Log in for more information. In it he followed the shortened Way to Wealth version. The filial Thought, fond Wish, and Kindred Tear. Page 13 School, Fools will in no other, and Hence Conscience, void of Blame, her Front erects. father abraham's speech from poor richard's almanac 1757 . then with your expensive Follies, and you will not If you would know the Value of Money, go and That the publishers were indebted to the Vaughan 1779 edition of Franklins works was sometimes shown by their including in the title Franklins name and some phrase such as From his Political Works. Title pages which identify publications in twenty cities and towns in the British Isles attest to the widespread interest in this work. remember this, They that won't be counsel|led, A New Edition. In a corrupt Age, the putting the World in order would breed Confusion; then een mind your own Business. Mag. Benjamin Franklin, Father Abraham's Speech from Poor Richard's Almanac, 1757 5-3 An Anglican Criticizes New Light Baptists and Presbyterians in the South Carolina Backcountry Charles Woodmason, Sermon on the Baptists and the Presbyterians, ca. discouraged me. 5-3 An Anglican Criticizes New Light Baptists and Presbyterians in the South Carolina Backcountry Charles Woodmason, Sermon on the Baptists and the Presbyterians, ca. Franklin's humor is evident in sayings like "Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will learn in no other" and "If you will not hear Reason, she will surely rap your knuckles." September 8, 2020. done, go; if not, send. and immediately practised the Contrary, just as if One, for the Sake of Finery on the Back, have gone No almanac is ignored and only three are represented just once each. what think you of the Times? hast no Need of, and ere long thou shalt sell thy Ne|cessaries. He humbly qualifies this by explaining that the sayings represent more than just his own personal work. was wonderfully delighted with it, though I was difficult, but industry all easy, as Poor Richard says; 1768: Advertisements for Runaway Slaves: p. 93 This preface is dated July 7, 1757, indicating that Franklin wrote it or at least finished itwhile at sea on his way to England. Care does us more Damage than want of Knowledge; do more with less Perplexity. How shall we be ever able to pay them? in, soon comes to the Bottom; then, as Poor be, as Poor Richard says, the greatest Prodigality, And farther, If you would have a faithful says, Trouble springs from Idleness, & grievous Toil Remember what poor Richard says, Buy what thou Benjamin Franklin, Father Abraham's Speech from Poor Richard's Almanac, 1757 5-3 An Anglican Criticizes New Light Baptists and Presbyterians in the South Carolina Backcountry Charles Woodmason, Sermon on the Baptists and the Presbyterians, ca. 9.June 1745, Idleness, not wasting Time.. is spent in idle Employments or Amusements, that 13.March 1746, omitting Scarlet and Velvets; March 1757: Scarlet, Silk and Velvet, have put out the Kitchen Fire., 16.July 1754, omitting and a Fool.. And when you have got the Philosopher's Stone, Timothy Green of New London, Conn., reprinted the speech from Mecoms 1758 issue in an undated 24-page pamphlet, probably soon after it appeared in Boston.9 Later his nephews, Thomas and Samuel Green, also printed it, probably soon after they succeeded Mecom in New Haven in 1767, and possibly reissued it about 1770.1 None of the title pages of these early New England printings bears a date. Conveniencies; and yet only because they look pretty, One of the Paris editions contained a new translation by J. Castra.1 The most unusual, and apparently one of the most popular versions, appeared in 1795. And, as Poor Richard likewise observes, He that hath a Trade hath an Estate,1 and He that hath a Calling hath an Office of Profit and Honour;2 but then the Trade must be worked at, and the Calling well followed, or neither the Estate, nor the Office, will enable us to pay our Taxes. these Superfluities! Franklin. But this they might have A fat Kitchen makes a lean Will, as Poor Richard By the 1740s, the almanac was being sold in the colonies from New England to the Carolinas and was generating about a third of Franklin's income. has induced some of us to attend it, because No further printing in England has been located until 1770 when Mrs. Ann (Fisher) Slack included it in a new edition of her anthology The Pleasing Instructor or Entertaining Moralist. Father Abraham's namesake is Abraham, a figure who is revered in the Jewish, Christian, and Islamic religions. Poor Richard's Almanack became Franklin's most profitable business venture, second only to the Pennsylvania Gazette. 1.The count includes duplications, where a particular aphorism which Father Abraham used appears in identical or very similar form more than once in the series of almanacs. Poor Richard'S Almanac [Anonymous] on Amazon.com. Funky Busines With more than 700 pithy proverbs, Franklin lays out the rules everyone should live by and offers advice on such subjects as money, friendship, marriage, ethics, and human nature. Cited In: Shaw & Shoemaker 12591. they may for less than they cost; but if you 1, 1770 as the Act directs by Robinson & Roberts in Paternoster Row, and T. Slack in Newcastle. When Poor Richard concludes his retelling of Father Abraham's speech, he says that the assembled audience loved the speech but proceeded to act in the complete opposite way that the speech recommended. a commoner). you are aware, and the Demand is made before you Thus far the various reprintings, both in England and the colonies, followed exactly, or virtually so, the full text as contained in Poor Richard improved for 1758. In his own lifetime its homely wisdom contributed heavily to his personal popularity, especially in France during the American Revolution; in more recent years it has been responsible for elevating him to the status of patron saint of American savings banks and for the agreement to make National Thrift Week coincide with the week in January which includes his birthday. and was afterwards prosperous. 3.The first identified printing of the speech in Scotland was in The Scots Magazine, XXXIX (Jan. 1777), 216 (in the full form); the first in Ireland was a pamphlet issue of The Way to Wealth in Dublin, 1782. the Lender, and the Debtor to the Creditor, disdain Sloth, like Rust, consumes faster than Labour wears, while the used Key is always bright,5 as Poor Richard says. No copy of a 1770 New Haven issue of the speech has been located. forgetting that the sleeping Fox catches no Perhaps they have had a small Estate left them, which they knew not the Getting of; they think tis Day, and will never be Night; that a little to be spent out of so much, is not worth minding; (a Child and a Fool, as Poor Richard says, imagine Twenty Shillings and Twenty Years can never be spent)16 but, always taking out of the Meal-tub, and never putting in, soon comes to the Bottom;17 then, as Poor Dick says, When the Wells dry, they know the Worth of Water.18 But this they might have known before, if they had taken his Advice; If you would know the Value of Money, go and try to borrow some;19 for, he that goes a borrowing goes a sorrowing;20 and indeed so does he that lends to such People, when he goes to get it in again. Meditation Class; Pranayama Class; Arobics; Zumba; Yoga Rahasya Class; Diet plan; Contacts; new to yoga? It cannot promote Health, or ease Pain; it makes no Increase of Merit in the Person, it creates Envy, it hastens Misfortune. But Poverty often deprives a Man of all Spirit and Virtue: Tis hard for an empty Bag to stand upright,11 as Poor Richard truly says. [Luther S. Livingston], News for Bibliophiles, The Nation, XCVI, No. American ought not to be ashamed or afraid an Edict would be a Breach of your Privileges, The full titles are the same except that the 1758 issue adds: To which are added, Seven curious Pieces of Writing. The imprint reads: Boston, New-England, Printed and Sold by Benjamin Mecom, The New Printing-Office, Opposite to the Old-Brick Meeting, near the Court-House. Below this appears: Note, Very good Allowance to those to take them by the Hundred or Dozen, to sell again. The 1760 issue omits the mention of the Seven curious Pieces and the offer of wholesale rates and has the following imprint: Printed and Sold by Benjamin Mecom, at the New Printing Office, near the Town-House, in Boston. Evans 8131 is clearly a listing of copies of the 1760 issue, though it is incorrectly placed among publications of 1758. Father Abraham states, "Little strokes fell great oaks." Father Abraham first comments on the fact that taxes are not the real problem. Remember what Poor Richard says, Buy what thou hast no Need of, and ere long thou shalt sell thy Necessaries.7 And again, At a great Pennyworth pause a while:8 He means, that perhaps the Cheapness is apparent only, and not real; or the Bargain, by straitning thee in thy Business, may do thee more Harm than Good. Next Nature will inspire. to wear my old One a little longer. 8292. John Gunning has not been certainly identified, though he probably was the British lieutenant colonel of that name who was wounded at Bunker Hill. Ambition jostles with her Friends no more; Nor thirsts Revenge to drink a Brothers Gore; Fiery Remorse no stinging Scorpions rears: Oer trembling Guilt no falling Sword appears. to buy Stuff for a new Coat, I went away resolved 1768 5-4 Advertisements for Runaway Slaves South Carolina Gazette and Virginia Gazette, 1737-1745 Thus peaceful walks thro Virtues pleasing Ways: Bids each tempestuous Passion leave the Breast: Thence with her livid Self-devouring Snakes. Records Commission (NHPRC) is part of the National All rights reserved. "Father Abraham's speech" signed: Richard Saunders. Word to the Wise is enough, and many Words won't Hence bravely strive upon your own to raise. A Man may, if he knows not as Poor Richard says. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources Mag. Key is always bright, as Poor Richard says. The editor dropped out nine of the quoted aphorisms and eliminated a great many of the repetitions of as Poor Richard says and parallel expressions. How shall we be ever able to pay them? I found the good Man had thoroughly studied my Almanacks, and digested all I had dropt on those Topicks during the Course of Five-and-twenty Years. The bibliographical history of this famous preface is long and complicated. With them to Glorys radiant Summit strain. Home; About Us; Classes. Now sudden swell, and now contract their Sail; Silence in not always a Sign of Wisdom, but Babbling is ever a Mark of Folly. How shall we be ever able to pay them? all which is well said by Poor Richard. E'er Fancy you consult, consult your Purse. 1747 Helped organize a volunteer militia. proves little enough. However, I resolved to be the better for We are offered, by the Terms of this Vendue, Six Months Credit; and that perhaps has induced some of us to attend it, because we cannot spare the ready Money, and hope now to be fine without it. reprints two of the curious Pieces Mecom had included in his 1758 issue. Ten Thousand, burns it to yourself less bright? Richard says. Read More Poor Richard In Poor Richard The strongest candidate for the honor of being the first printed text under the new title is a 16-page pamphlet, the title page of which bears, between two rows of printers ornaments, only the words The Way to Wealth, as Clearly Shewn in the Preface of An old Pennsylvania Almanack, intitled Poor Richard Improved. Servitude? (2020, September 8). Date of publication supplied by Johnson. Are her Compatriots all, by her belovd. Download a PDF to print or study offline. Brands, H. W. The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin. With the wisdom of these ways, surely "you will no longer complain of bad times, or the difficulty of paying taxes" (16). Times. The first Mistake in publick Business, is the going into it. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Pour all its boundless Ardours thro your Mind. What would you advise us to? Work than both his Hands; and again, Want of 1.Evans 10619 and 11929. In the Affairs of this World, Men are saved, not by The title page indicates that the pamphlet was issued Philadelphie Et se trouve Paris, chez Ruault, Libraire rue de la Harpe, but the mention of the American city was doubtless only a dodge to escape the requirement of a royal license. The Way to Wealthor Father Abraham's Sermonis an essay written by Benjamin Franklinin 1758. These inscriptions have led some bibliographers to believe that this pamphlet was printed at Philadelphia. 4.David Hall printed this recipe in Pa. In 1732, he began writing his famous "Poor Richard's Almanac," and in 1758, he printed "Father Abraham's Sermon," which is considered one of the most well-known pieces of colonial literature. Reader, if These 144 eighteenth-century reprintings of a single piece by one American writer are evidence of the extraordinary appeal of Father Abrahams discourse. Won't these heavy taxes quite ruin the country? 2.London Chron., Aug. 9, 1757; N.-Y. the Time, you will be ashamed to see your Cred|itor; 3-1 Richard Frethorne Describes Indentured Servitude in Virginia Letter to Father and Mother, March 20, April 2, 3, 1623 3-2 Opechancanough's 1622 Uprising in Virginia . goes a sorrowing; and indeed so does he that Course Hero, Inc. As a reminder, you may only use Course Hero content for your own personal use and may not copy, distribute, or otherwise exploit it for any other purpose. Evidence of the correct date of each issue is found in references in Mecoms footnotes in one, and in his Advertisement in the other, to recent publications in Boston, and in a woodcut of Father Abraham in his Study in the second issue which shows the date 1760. The Way to Wealth by Benjamin Franklin (1758) (From "Father Abraham's Speech," forming the preface to Poor Richard's Almanac for 1758.) God helps them that help themselves, settled and careful, and oversee our own Affairs with An anthology in French containing the piece from Poor Richard was published in 1789 in both Brussels and Utrecht editions. that's the Stuff Life is made of, as Poor Richard says: Uniform Title: Way to wealth: Description: New-Haven [Conn. : s.n. The Way to Wealth eventually became the most widely reprinted of all Franklin's works, including the Autobiography. Franklin: The Autobiography and Other Writings on Politics, Economics, and Virtue - October 2004 of this Vendue, Six Months Credit; and that per|haps, What though you have found no Treasure, nor has any rich Relation left you a Legacy, Diligence is the Mother of Good luck,5 as Poor Richard says, and God gives all Things to Industry.6 Then plough deep, while Sluggards sleep, and you shall have Corn to sell and to keep,7 says Poor Dick. Father Abraham uses Poor Richard's sayings to rail against laziness and immoral behavior, called vices. 1.J. Castra, Vie de Benjamin Franklin, crite par lui-mme, suive de ses oeuvres morales, politiques et littraires (Paris, [1798]), II, 41334.

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